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Spinal Cord Stimulation ($\text{SCS}$) is a form of neuromodulation therapy used primarily in the United Kingdom for patients with severe, chronic, intractable pain syndromes—such as failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome—who have not responded adequately to conservative treatments, pharmacological regimens, or standard interventional procedures.

The technology involves the surgical implantation of an electrode array (lead) into the epidural space near the spinal cord and a pulse generator (IPG) under the skin, which delivers mild electrical impulses to interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, offering a non-opioid alternative for pain relief.

Recent technical innovations have significantly advanced the utility of $\text{SCS}$ systems. Traditional tonic stimulation is being supplemented by newer waveforms, including Burst and High-Frequency ($10 \text{ kHz}$) stimulation, which often provide superior pain relief, especially for patients with limb or axial pain, sometimes without the paresthesia (tingling sensation) associated with older systems. The selection of…

The rapid expansion of telemedicine, encompassing a range of technologies to deliver clinical services remotely, has profoundly reshaped the landscape of patient-provider interactions, enabling consultations and monitoring to occur across significant geographical distances. This digital approach utilizes video conferencing, secure messaging, and remote monitoring tools to extend essential health services to underserved populations, enhance the convenience of routine care, and increase the continuity of clinical support.

telemedicine

While this technological shift offers tremendous benefits in terms of access and efficiency, its successful implementation faces complex hurdles related to ensuring data security and privacy, establishing equitable access for individuals with limited connectivity or technological literacy, and standardizing reimbursement for remote services. Overcoming these systemic challenges is essential to fully realize the potential of digital health delivery and integrate it seamlessly into comprehensive care models.

Telemedicine broadly refers to the use of electronic communications and software to provide clinical services without an…